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Abu Abdullah al-Bakri

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdullah_al-Bakri

Abū 'Ubayd al-Bakrī Hwa 'Abd Allāh Ibn 'Abd 'Azīz Ibn Muhammad al-Bakrī (1014–1094) (en árabe: أبو عبيد البكري هو عبد الله بن عبد العزيز بن محمد البكري الأندلسي الأونب) geógrafo, botánico e historiador hispanoárabe. Nació en Huelva, hijo del gobernador de la provincia. Al-Bakrī pasó toda su vida en Al-Ándalus, en Córdoba, Almería y Sevilla, y nunca visitó los lugares sobre los cuales escribió.
Al-Bakri escribió sobre Europa, África del Norte, y la península de Arabia. Sus primeros trabajos fueron Kitāb al-Masālik wa'l-Mamālik (El Libro de Carreteras y de Reinos) y Mu'Jam. El primero fue compuesto en 1068, basado en la literatura y los informes de comerciantes y viajeros, incluidos Yusuf al-Warraq y Ibrahim Ibn Jaqub. Sus trabajos se destacan por la objetividad que presenta. Para cada uno de los lugares, describe a las personas, sus costumbres, así como la geografía, el clima, la botánica y las ciudades principales. También presenta varias anécdotas sobre cada lugar. Grandes fragmentos de su trabajo se han perdido.
En 1976 se decidió en su honor llamarle «Al-Bakri» a un cráter lunar localizado en el borde noroeste del Mare Tranquillitatis.¹

Referencias

Ir a ↑ Ficha del cráter lunar «Al-Bakri», Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature Enlace consultado el 4 de julio de 2009.

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Etimología de Africa

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=africa&searchmode=none

African (n.): Old English Africanas (plural), from Latin Africanus (adj.), from Africa (see Africa). Used of white residents of Africa from 1815; of black residents of the U.S. from 1790. As an adjective, by 1560s.
Africa: Latin Africa (terra) "African land, Libya, the Carthaginian territory," fem. of Africus, from Afer "an African." Originally only in reference to the region around modern Tunisia, it gradually was extended to the whole continent. Derivation from Arabic afar "dust, earth" is tempting, but the early date seems to argue against it. The Middle English word was Affrike.
Eurafrican: coined 1890 by anthropologist D.G. Brinton to designate a "race" of dark-skinned people inhabiting both sides of the Mediterranean; it was used 1920s to describe the "colored" population of South Africa, and 1960s with reference to political situations involving both continents; see Euro- + Africa.
Afrikaans (n.): Germanic language of South Africa, the Dutch language as spoken in South Africa, 1892, from Dutch Afrikaansch "Africanish" (see Afrikander). Also known as South African Dutch.
Old World (adj.): of or pertaining to Eurasia and Africa, as opposed to the Americas, 1877.
Mandingo: people of the upper Niger region of West Africa, 1620s.
karoo (n.): "barren table land in South Africa," 1789, said to be from a Hottentot word.
bwana: respectful or reverential form of address in East Africa, 1878, from Swahili.
South Africa: 1815 as a name for a distinct region that had been partly settled by Europeans; 1910 as the name of a nation.
okapi (n.): short-necked giraffe of central Africa, 1900, from the animal's name in Mbuba (Congo). Reported by English explorer Sir Harry Johnston (1858-1927).
Barbary: c.1300, "foreign lands" (especially non-Christian lands), from Latin barbaria (see barbarian). Meaning "Saracens living in coastal North Africa" is attested from 1590s, via French (Old French barbarie), from Arabic Barbar, Berber, ancient Arabic name for the inhabitants of North Africa beyond Egypt. Perhaps a native name, perhaps an Arabic word, from barbara "to babble confusedly," but this might be ultimately from Greek barbaria. "The actual relations (if any) of the Arabic and Gr[eek] words cannot be settled; but in European langs. barbaria, Barbarie, Barbary, have from the first been treated as identical with L. barbaria, Byzantine Gr[eek] barbaria land of barbarians" [OED].
Libya: north African nation, an ancient name, attested in heiroglyphics from 2000 B.C.E., of unknown origin. In Greek use, sometimes meaning all of Africa. Related: Libyan.
Almohades: 12c. Muslim religious power that ruled Spain and North Africa, founded by Mohammed ibn Abdullah, the name is literally "the Unitarians," short for Arabic al-muwahhidun "they who profess the unity (of God)," so called for their absolutist monotheism.
Tethys: name for the sea that anciently lay between Eurasia and Africa-Arabia, coined 1893 by German geologist Eduard Suess (1831-1914), from Tethys, name of a Greek sea goddess, sister and consort of Oceanus.
dey (n.2): 1650s, "title of a military commander in Muslim north Africa," from Turkish dai "maternal uncle," a friendly title used of older men, especially by the Janissaries of Algiers of their commanding officers. There were also deys in Tunis and Tripoli.
guinea (n.): former British coin, 1660s, from Guinea, region along the west coast of Africa, presumably from an African word (perhaps Tuareg aginaw "black people"); the 20-shilling coins so called because they were first minted for British trade with Guinea (but soon in domestic use) and with gold from Africa. The original guinea (in use from 1663 to 1813) was based on the value of gold and by 1695 it was worth 30 shillings. William III then fixed its value at 21 shillings, 6 pence in 1698. The extra 6 pence were lopped off in December 1717.

The Guinea hen (1570s) is a domestic fowl imported from there. Guinea "derogatory term for Italian" (1896) was originally Guinea Negro (1740s) and meant "black person, person of mixed ancestry." It was applied to Italians c.1890 probably because of their dark complexions relative to northern Europeans, and after 1911 was occasionally applied to Hispanics and Pacific Islanders as well. New Guinea was so named 1546 by Spanish explorer Inigo Ortiz de Retes in reference to the natives' dark skin and tightly curled hair.
redneck (n.): "cracker," attested 1830 in a specialized sense ("This may be ascribed to the Red Necks, a name bestowed upon the Presbyterians in Fayetteville" -- Ann Royall, "Southern Tour I," p.148), from red (adj.1) + neck (n.). According to various theories, red perhaps from anger, or from pellagra, but most likely from mule farmers' outdoors labor in the sun, wearing a shirt and straw hat, with the neck exposed. Cf. redshanks, old derogatory name for Scots Highlanders and Celtic Irish (1540s), from their going bare-legged.

It turns up again in an American context in 1904, again from Fayetteville, in a list of dialect words, meaning this time "an uncouth countryman" ["Dialect Notes," American Dialect Society, Vol. II, Part VI, 1904], but seems not to have been in widespread use in the U.S. before c.1915. In the meantime, it was used from c.1894 in South Africa (translating Dutch Roinek) as an insulting Boer name for "an Englishman."
Another common Boer name for an Englishman is "redneck," drawn from the fact that the back of an Englishman's neck is often burnt red by the sun. This does not happen to the Boer, who always wears a broad-brimmed hat. [James Bryce, "Impressions of South Africa," London, 1899]
Numidia: ancient region in North Africa, roughly corresponding to modern Algeria, Latin, named for its inhabitants, the Numidians, whose name is related to nomad (n.).
Fatimid: Arab dynasty that ruled 908-1171 in North Africa and sometimes Egypt and Syria, from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad by his first wife, Khadija; Fatima married Ali, and from them the dynasty claimed descent.
Afric (adj.): 1580s, from Latin Africus (see Africa).
mumbo jumbo (n.): 1738, name of an idol supposedly worshipped by certain tribes in Africa; said to be a corruption of words in Mandingo (one reconstructed version is Mama Dyumbo), but no likely source has been found in the languages of the Niger region, to which the original accounts relate. Meaning "big, empty talk" is attested from 1896.
Malagasy: "pertaining to Madagascar," large island off the coast of Africa, 1835, apparently a native alteration of Madagascar.
Zanzibar: island off East Africa, from Zengi, name of a local people, said to mean "black," + Arabic barr "coast, shore."
Carthage: ancient city of North Africa, from Phoenician quart khadash "new town." Related: Carthaginian.
fennec (n.): fox-like animal of Africa, 1790, from Arabic fenek, fanak "a name vaguely applied to various fur-bearing animals" [OED].
Donatist (n.): mid-15c., adherent of a Christian sect in 4c. North Africa, from Medieval Latin Donatista, from Donatus name of two of the principal men in it. The schism had more to do with episcopal succession in Carthage than with doctrine. The name is literally "bestowed, given."
Madagascar: large island off the east coast of Africa, from Mogadishu, the name of the city in Somalia, due to an error by Marco Polo in reading Arabic, whereby he thought the name was that of the island. There is no indigenous name for the whole island. Related: Madagascan.
Soweto (n.): black African community outside Johannesburg, South Africa, formed from first letters of South Western Townships. Related: Sowetan.
morocco (n.): "kind of fine flexible leather," 1630s, earlier maroquin (16c.), via French; ultimately from Morocco, the country in northwest Africa, where the tanned leather first was made.
jerboa (n.): small desert rodent, 1660s, Modern Latin, from Arabic jarbu "flesh of the loins," also the name of a small jumping rodent of North Africa. Cf. gerbil.
obeah (n.): "sorcery, witchcraft" among blacks in Africa and the W.Indies, 1760, from a West African word, e.g. Efik (southern Nigeria) ubio "a thing or mixture left as a charm to cause sickness or death," Twi ebayifo "witch, wizard, sorcerer."
kopje (n.): small hill in South Africa, from S.African Dutch, diminutive of Dutch kop "hill; head" (see kop).
Australopithecus (n.): 1925, coined by Australian anthropologist Raymond A. Dart (1893-1988) from Latin australis "southern" (see Australia) + Greek pithekos "ape." So called because first discovered in South Africa.
sun-up (n.): also sunup, "sunrise," 1712, from sun (n.) + up (adv.). In local use in U.S., and, according to OED, also in Caribbean English and formerly in South Africa.
morgen (n.): old measure of land in Holland (hence also in South Africa and colonial New York and New Jersey), roughly two acres, probably identical with Dutch morgen "morning" (see morn) and meaning "the amount of land one man can plow in a morning."
negritude (n.): 1950, from French négritude; see negro + -tude. Supposedly coined by young authors in the French colonies of Africa before World War II.
macaque (n.): East Indian monkey, 1757, from French macaque, from Portuguese macaco "monkey," a Bantu word brought from Africa to Brazil (where it was applied 17c. to a type of monkey there). Introduced as a genus name 1840.
transplant (n.): 1756, in reference to plants, from transplant (v.); in reference to surgical transplanting of human organs or tissue it is first recorded 1951, but not in widespread use until Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first successful heart transplant in 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Meaning "person not native to his place of residence" is recorded from 1961.
Swahili: name of a Bantu people inhabiting the coast of South Africa, 1814, literally "coast-dwellers," from Arabic sawahil, plural of sahil "coast" + ethnic suffix -i.
pangolin (n.): 1774, "scaly toothless mammal of Java," from Malay peng-goling "roller," from its habit of curling into a ball; from peng- (denominative prefix) + goling "to roll." Later extended to related species in Asia and Africa.
skink (n.): 1580s, from Middle French scinc (Modern French scinque), from Latin scincus, from Greek skinkos, some kind of lizard common in Asia and North Africa, of unknown origin.
terrapin (n.): North American turtle, 1670s, earlier torope (1610s), from an Algonquian source (e.g. Abenaki turepe, Munsee (Delaware) tolpew "turtle"). Subsequently extended to allied species in South America, East Indies, China, North Africa.
Kilimanjaro: mountain in Africa, from Swahili, literally "mountain of the god of cold," from kilima "mountain" + njaro "god of cold."
Kaffir (n.): 1790, from Arabic kafir "unbeliever, infidel, impious wretch," with a literal sense of "one who does not admit the blessings of God," from kafara "to cover up, conceal, deny, blot out." Technically, "non-Muslim," but in Ottoman times it came to be used almost exclusively for "Christian." Early English missionaries used it as an equivalent of "heathen" to refer to Bantus in South Africa (1792), from which use it came generally to mean "South African black" regardless of ethnicity, and to be a term of abuse since at least 1934.
Sudan: 1842, from Arabic Bilad-al-sudan, literally "country of the blacks" (originally the stretch of Africa between the Sahara and the equator), from sud, plural of aswad (fem. sauda) "black." In early use also Soudan, from French. Related: Sudanese.
cola (n.): 1795, genus of trees native to west Africa and introduced in New World tropics, Latinized form of a West African name of the tree (cf. Temne kola, Mandingo kolo). Meaning "carbonated soft drink" is 1920, short for Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola.
Afro-: word-forming element meaning "African," from Latin Afr-, stem of Afer, Afri "African" (see Africa), or directly from African.
Morocco: country in northwest Africa, from Italian, from Berber Marrakesh (properly the name of the city of Marrakesh), from Arabic Maghrib-al-Aqsa "Extreme West." Cf. French Maroc, German Marokko. In English, the first vowel has been altered, apparently by influence of Moor. Related: Moroccan.
cape (n.2): "promontory," late 14c., from Middle French cap "cape; head," from Latin caput "headland, head" (see capitulum). The Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa has been the Cape since 1660s. Sailors called low cloud banks that could be mistaken for landforms on the horizon Cape fly-away (1769).
skelm (n.): also skellum, "a rascal, scamp, scoundrel," 1610s, from Dutch schelm, from German schelm "rascal, devil, pestilence, etc.," from Old High German scelmo. Used by Dryden, but "Now arch. (except in S.Africa)" [OED].

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